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Better & Lesser Rubies:
Some areas in India produce better quality ruby, while still others yield lesser stones, but most of the production has been erratic and disorganized. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh are ruby producing States. Lately Orissa has also joined this list.Wholesale turquoise Jewellery Faceting grade ruby occurs in the Kangayam area ofthe State ofTamil Nadu. Stones mined from this area are of a pale red color with a light-darkish tint, but they display full light and brightness. Karnataka State is the other important source where the Shanna Patna area is known for ruby deposits. The yield lacks enough transparency for brilliants but is ideally suited for quality beads and cabochons, even in large'sizes. Wholesale moonstone Jewellery
There have been several experiments of mining in the private, public and joint sectors, but none proved to be of a regular systematic nature.
There is yet another Indian ruby quality which, although not bright red in color, is valued for its asterism. This star ruby occurs in Kangayam (Tamil Nadu) and Mysore (Karnataka). Rough from the latter source produces very sharp lined stars. Another southern state Andhra Pradesh, and Bihar towards the east yield cheaper qualities.

Quality Garnets:

The finest garnets come from Orissa. Two other Indian states, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh also produce garnets.

Fine Cat's Eye:
The South Indian State of Kerala yields cat's eye (chrysoberyls) of very high quality, but these locations in the Trivendrum district are not being worked regularly. Amateurs bring their finds to the market. These Kerala stones are considered to be second only to those from Brazil and Sri Lanka. The latest surprise from Orissa is fibrolite (Sillimanite) which yields very good cat's eyes, matching those from Sri Lanka. Wholesale Labradorite Jewellery

Other Colored Gemstones:

Some other colored gemstones found in India and their locations are as follows:

Aventurines: Karnataka and Rajasthan.

Beryls: Rajasthan, Bihar and Tamil Nadu.

Lolites, Moonstones: Orissa.

Apatite Amethysts: Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Hessonites : Bihar and Rajasthan.

Rose Quartz: Karnataka, Bihar and Rajasthan.

Serpentine: Karnataka and Rajasthan.

Andhra Pradesh Gems:

Just like Orissa, Andhra Pradesh is another Indian State which has deposits of a variety of gemstones. Its gems treasures are spread overthe following regions:

Guntur: Diamond.
Kurnool : Diamond, Ruby, Garnet.
Krishna: Diamond,Alexandrite, Ruby, Garnet, Diopside, Aquamarine, Tourmaline.
Warangal : Amethyst, Ruby.
Nellore : Tourmaline.
Anantpur: Star Ruby, Diamond.
Vishakhapatnam: Lolite, Zircon, Alexandrite, Chrysoberyl, Kyanite, Spinel, Tourmaline, Gamel
Araku : Chrysoberyl, Sillimanite, Alexandrite, Spinel.

Indian Pearls:
In the past, India was operating pearl fisheries also. The traditional areas which had produced natural pearls are located in the Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu) and Gulf of Kutch (Gujarat), but production dwindled in modern times. The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute of the Government of India succeeded in culturing pearls and a project was launched at the Vizhinjam centre, near Trivendrum (Kerala). Efforts were made in Gujarat to produce pearls. Following successful experiments in 1994, Rajasthan also hoped to produce cultured pearls from its Southern lakes. However, most of the cultured pearls India requires, have to be imported from Japan and China. Dependence on imports sometimes results in delays and higher costs. Production is also dwindling in Japan. India's latest efforts are to import quality pearls from Myanmar (Burma). Oriental pearls have been coming from old inland collections.

Irregular Exploitation :

Both the public and private sectors undertake gems mining but it is neither organized nor very productive. Although India has taken rapid strides in the field of industrialization and the development of indigenous heavy machinery manufacturing capacity, mining largely employs age-old methods with the result that large resources remain untapped and costs are heavy. But with the realization of the importance of modernization, some efforts are now under way to obtain foreign equipment and know-how for a greater exploitation of the country's mineral wealth. Foreign collaboration is also being negotiated now.

Technical Study & Training:

For development of mining of the local mineral resources, India has facilities for technical study and training at several centres. Many Indian universities offer graduate and post­ graduate courses in Geology and the curriculum includes mining. Apart from these, there is the Central Institute of Mining at Dhanbad, the coal town, where latest training and ,research facilities for mining are available.

Search for More Gems:

The Geological Survey of India is the main body which undertakes detailed field studies, surveys, expeditions to remote areas and geological probings.

During the last few years, the labours of the GSI have succeeded in locating several areas, with the possibility of some minerals including gold & diamonds. Searches and prospecting are continuing, but slowly.
Lately aerial remote sensing and other surveys undertaken by multinationals have also been helpful in charting gem-bearing areas. Mining giants like De Beers and Rio Tinto have also planned to conduct aerial surveys in Karnataka as soon as they get clearance from the Government.

Training of Workers :

Training the new generation for cutting and polishing gems is mostly tradition bound. It starts early in childhood or teenage and the skill is handed down from master craftsmen to family members of both sexes. Some entire families are often found in this occupation which even encompasses three generations at a time, because there is virtually no age or gender bar.
Facilities for formal modern scientific gems and jewellery training are now available at some centres in the country, notably at Surat, New Delhi, Mumbai and Jaipur. Prestigious global training establishments like the \ Gemmological Institutes of America (GIA) and IGI ,\ have established training schools in India.

Examinations for recognized foreign gemological diplomas are also being conducted now, like the F.GA Exam. At Jaipur. (For details, please turn to the section "Study and Training" elsewhere in this volume).

Research & Design:
It is widely being felt that the training base needs to be strengthened further and research and design facilities developed, to keep pace with rapidly changing times. The need for strengthening R & 0 in the precious sector was also stressed at the last National Science Congress, held at Jaipur in 1994.
Research facilities are now being created. Jewellery design centres are coming up at Mumbai, Jaipur and other places. These export-oriented centres would have foreign collaboration also. Some jewellery manufacturing units exclusively for exports have been set up at Santa Cruz, Mumbai and New Delhi. A jeweliery designing centre is operating at Jaipur and another designing and manufaCturing training centre has just been added to the Indian Diamond Institute, Surat. The GJEPC has started specialized jeweliery training at Mumbai and New Delhi and some of the units at SEEPZ have established their own design departments headed by professional designers.